Bladder cancer

Overview of bladder cancer more common, or about 20% of malignant tumors, in which China morbidity urological cancer first. The disease more men than women, about four : one, the age of onset in more than 40 years old and above, and increased with age and the incidence rate increased. However, in recent years, 30 were under the age of incidence has increased, aged around 20 patients also had seen, The overall incidence rate increased trend. The disease first diagnosed in most lesions limitations, but about 6% of patients have distant metastases. Bladder cancer after treatment with high relapse rate, once recurrence, and the biological behavior also changes. often to a higher level of pathology and clinical development phases. Cause pathogenesis one, causes bladder cancer etiology of complex, the real causes of morbidity is not yet entirely clear, According to the clinical observation and experimental research results, the following factors may be relevant. (1) exogenous carcinogenic substances; Noting early in industrialized countries directly engaged in the aniline dyes workers Bladder cancer incidence is particularly high, and the incidence of service with increased growth. After clinical observation and experimental study found that beta-Nye diphenyl amines and derivatives of the carcinogen, further identify the type of sulfuric acid metabolites such as dual 2-amino-phenol in the discharge of urine concentrations higher than normal 200 times the value for our urinary diversion without bladder discharge, no bladder cancer. In addition, smoking, everyday contact with the carcinogenic substances that were induced bladder cancer is one of the causes. (2) endogenous carcinogenic substances : nicotinic acid tryptophan and metabolic disorders, among which product o-phenolic hydroxyl, can directly affect the cellular RNA and DNA synthesis, carcinogenic properties, Urinary bladder cancer patients within tryptophan metabolites increased. (3) Other carcinogenic factors : schistosomiasis with Egypt, due to the bladder wall of the schistosome eggs prone to stimulate bladder cancer. China's schistosomiasis caused by schistosomiasis, which cause disease. Leukoplakia bladder disease, glandular cystitis, stones, chronic urinary retention. certain virus infection induced bladder tumor is one of the causes. 2, the most pathological bladder tumor cells of epithelial origin, accounting for more than 95%, of which more than 90% of transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma rare, but the malignancy than transitional cell carcinoma of the high. Non - epithelial tumors such as rhabdomyosarcoma is rare. Bladder cancer in pathological changes on the basis of cell size, shape, depth of staining, nuclear changes, split into four equal. One, two better differentiation, low-grade malignant; Three, four bad differentiation is a highly malignant. Papilloma cells and normal cells transitional no significant difference, but recurrence and malignant tendencies it is still in the treatment of cancer as a treatment. Bladder tumor growth pattern, a carcinoma in situ, papillary cancer and invasive cancer three, In three clinical mixed exist rarely see. 1.8cm or live specimens general observation can be seen pedunculated tumors were often low-grade, Guang - Cranford were highly malignant ulcer type of tumor infiltration is highly malignant. Clinical bladder tumor growth of the depth of invasion by Jewett-Marshall divided into four phases. O period : tumor limited to the mucosa; A : tumor invading the submucosa, but myometrial invasion. B1 period : the tumor invading the shallow layer. B2 : Tumors deep muscle, but they have to myometrial invasion and outside organizations. C : tumor invasion and all around the bladder muscle and adipose tissue. D1 period : the tumor and surrounding tissue bladder and pelvic organs, a local lymph node metastasis. D2 period : tumor metastasis. The largest distribution of bladder tumors in the bladder wall and the back wall, followed by 1.30 and the top of its occurrence for multifocal, can be simultaneously or successively associated with renal pelvis, ureter and urethra tumors. Bladder cancer is mainly spread to the deep infiltration, following occurred distant metastasis. Transfer route to the iliac lymph nodes, abdominal aortic lymph node-based, a small number of patients with advanced menstrual blood circulation can be moved to the lung, bone, liver and other organs. Bladder cancer metastasis late, slow proliferation.